Showing posts with label short stories. Show all posts
Showing posts with label short stories. Show all posts

Thursday, 27 May 2021

ආලවක නරක නෑ - වසන්ත දුග්ගන්නාරාළ

ලේඛකයන් නොවන සිංහල කලා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ විවිධ අංශ වල දස්කම් පෑ අයවලුන් වරෙක, නවකතා, කෙටිකතා, කාව්‍ය ආදි තමන් ගේ ප්‍රමුඛතම  මාධ්‍යයෙන් පරිබාහිර අංශ තෝරා ගනී. ඒ අනුව ය, ජෝ අබේවික්‍රම, ජයලත් මනෝරත්න, හෙන්රි ජයසේන, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයසිරි සහ බර්ට්‍රම් නිහාල්  ගේ නවකතා /කෙටිකතා ආදී නිර්මාණ වල යෙදෙන්නේ.  නවකතා හෝ කෙටිකතා රචකයන් නොවෙන කලා කරුවන්ගේ ලේඛන හැකියාවන් කියවා බැලීමට අප උනන්දු වන්නේ, ඔවුන්ගේ අන් මාධ්‍ය භාවිතාව - රඟපෑම වේවා, තිර රචනය වේවා, නාට්‍යකරණය වේවා - ගැන ඇති යම් පැහැදීමක් නිසා ය. බොහෝ විට ඔවුන්ගේ නවකතා හෝ කෙටිකතා, ඔවුන් වඩා ප්‍රසිද්ධ තලයේ නිර්මාණ තරම් සාර්ථක වන්නේ ද නැත.

ඉතින් මේ ප්‍රස්තාවනාව කීවේ දුග්ගන්නාරාළගේ කෙටිකතා සංග්‍රහය කියවීමේ අත්දැකීම් කීමටය. එක, මම දුග්ගන්නාරාළ අප රට විද්‍යුත් මාධ්‍යයට සම්බන්ධ යැයි දැන සිටියට, ඔහු "ඇත්තෙන්ම මොනා ද කලේ කියා " දන්නේ නැත ( මා රූපවාහිනිය නොබලන තරම් නිසා, වෙන්නැති ) දෙක, "අහංකාර නගරේ". "සිංහයාට බයයි" ආදි ගී ඔහු ගේ රචනා යැයි දැන උන්නට, ඔහුගේ අන් ගී නිර්මාණ ගැන දන්නෙත් නැත්තේ, මා මෑත කරලියට පැමිණි සිංහල ගායක-ගායිකාවන්ගෙ ගී ගැන දන්නේ නැති හෙයිනි. තුන, මට දුකා හොඳටම මතක හිටියේ, ඉස්සර සිරසේ කමත කරද්දීය. එය ද මා නරඹා නැත. මගේ  නැසී ගිය මාමණ්ඩිය එය පුරුද්ද්ක් ලෙස නරඹද්දී දුකා හොඳට කට ඇර සිංහලෙන් දොඩනවා මා ආසාවෙන් විනාඩියක් දෙකක් නැවතී බලා ඇත. එපමණය - නමුත්, මේ මනුස්සයාගේ කෙටි කතා කොහොමද කියා දැනගැනීමට උවමනාවක් අර පෙර කී ගී රචනා දෙකත්, ඔහුගේ කතා විලාශයත් ප්‍රමාණවත් විය.


මේ සංග්‍රහයෙන් පිටපතක් වසර දහයක් පමණ සෙවුවද හමු වූයේ මෑත දිනෙක රෝයල් ටැප්‍රෝබේන් එකෙන්‍ ය. මල්ල, ආලවක නරක නැත,  ජීවිත සංධ්වනිය, මදුරු ප්‍රේම කාව්‍යය, නාඳුනන තුවක්කුකරු  මා රස විඳි කෙටිකතා ය. අසාර්ථක යැයි කිව හැකි කෙටි කතාවක් නැති තරම්‍ ය - එහෙත් විශිෂ්ඨ යැයි කිව හැකි නිර්මාණ ද නැත. තැනෙක දෙකක සියුම් හාස්‍යයන් කෙටි කතාව රසවත් කරයි.


"බස් එක ඉස්සරහට ඇදෙනව. මමත් තව කිහිපදෙනකුත් යන්නේ පදික වේදිකාව උඩින්. සමහර වෙලාවට ගෙවල් වල මිදුල් උඩින්, කඩ බක්කි ගාවින්. මමයි බස් එකයි අතරින් ලයිට් කණු පහුවෙයි කියල මා වෙලාවකට බයත් හිතෙනව." (  මල්ල / 18 පිටුව )

"'ගෙදර හරියෙම උයන්න කියල දෙයක් නෑ තමුසෙ ඕක ගහ ගහ ඉන්නව'
 

'ඇයි මැණිකෙ කෑමට ස රි ග ම ප ධ නි ස තියෙන්නෙ'

එහෙම කියපු දවසෙ රෑ කෑම කූඩේ උස්සපු ලොක්කට ඌරු ජුවල් ගිහිං

'කෝ යකෝ කෑම'

'ඔය තියෙන්නෙ ස රි ග ම හොද්දක් හැදුව. ප ධ නි ස තෙල් දැම්ම. පොඩ්ඩක් ඉන්නව කෝමල ස්වර ටිකක් බැදල ගේනකං'" ( ජීවිත සංධ්වනිය / 48-49 පිටු)

 මේ ජීවිත සංධ්වනියේ ප්‍රධාන කථකයා, ටොමි නම් බලු රාලෙකි.

මදුරු ප්‍රේම කාව්‍යය ගතහොත්, එහි ආඛ්‍යාන ආකාරයේ ඇත්තෙන්ම පොඩි "වෙරි" ගතියක් ඇත. රෑ බෝ වී ගෙදර එන මිනිසා 'මදුරියෙකුට' පෙම් කරන්නේ දවස පුරා ෆැක්ටේරිය වැඩ කරපු සිය ඇබේණිය ඇඟේ අමාරුවට මලා වගේ නිදි නිසාය. "ආලවක නරක නෑ" හි, ආලවක ලා ට වඩා පුණ්‍ය කටයුතු වලට නූතන මුදලාලි යක්කුන්‍ ය. පංච නින්දාවේ "කොමිනිස්" කාරයා කපා ගන්නේ තමන් ගහට නැග සිටි අත්ත ම ය. එය අප සමස්ත වාමවාදී දේශපාලනය ගැන සියුම් උපහාසයක් බඳුය. පර්ලි තම ඇඟ විකුනා පෑ බාගයකින් හම්බ කරන ගාන සොයන්නට ඇගේ සැමියාට දවසේ ම කුලියක් මලියක් කරන්න වන්නේය - ඉතින් ඔහු වෙන මොනා කරන්නද, පර්ලි ට ඉඩ දී පරාජය බාරගන්නවා ඇර ( දිවිදෙන )...

මෙවන් ජීවිතයේ හීනි පෙති දහයකි, මේ කෙටි කතා දහය. මා මෙය දින තුන හතරක් තුල කියෙව්වේ, තැනින් තැන "ඉතිරු වෙන" විනාඩි 10-15 කෑලි මගින් ය. මේ කෙටි කතා පෙති හීනි වුව, එහි රසයන් විචිත්‍රය; බොහෝ තැන් වල අනනය ලක්ෂණ ඇත.  මෙහි විඳීම් ගණනාවක් ඇති බවත්, අවස්ථාවක් ලදොද්, කියවන්න. පැයක් දෙකක් වැය කොට කියවීම බෙහෙත්  නෙල්ලි ගෙඩියක් කෑවාක් මෙන් විවිධ රසයන් ගේ එකතුවක් කෙටිකාලයක් තුල විඳීමේ අවස්ථාවක් ගෙන දෙන්නක් විය හැක. එහෙත්, මෙහි පිටපතක් සොයාගැනීම නම් පහසු නොවනු ඇති බවකි, මගේ විශ්වාසය.

ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම: ***1/2
කෙටිකතා
ප්‍රකාශනය: සංහිඳ (2007)

Thursday, 7 January 2021

The Progress of Love - Alice Munro

 December is my usual date with that sweet old lady from Ontario, Canada, Ms. Alice Munro. Since am on a sequential reading of her works, I read "The Progress of Love" (1986), in December 2020, as one of the last books of the year.



The collection gets underway with the title short story, and it is a vivid illustration of the changing face of Canada, as how the average person lived it. The differences in how one views religion, relationships, even money over a period of 40-50 years has changed. The protagonist of this story, who is the narrator, is quite the modern woman of the time, employed, a divorcee, and now seeing other men as she sees fit. Yet, she hangs on to a memory of how her father protected her mother against a ridicule from her sister, over a certain decision that was quite insane, in today's terms - maybe in terms back then too. Hardships, even those that were half brought upon by one's self, were things to admire. The silent assent, or maybe a respect for her mother's decision by her father, lives on within her as a landmark of love - maybe something that she her self has never quite found. On the surface it is a very ordinary story, but when looked upon from the viewpoint our protagonist, it is a deeply meaningful, and a very personal anecdote, presented with enough nuances to keep the reader fully in the story. Vintage, Munro!

To come to the rest of the short stories.

I think, the title "Progress of love" was chosen as it could represent each of the eleven stories, with their quirks. Progress here could represent the changing face of modern Canada, across the 1930s ( I venture to suggest, for the early days are not quite clear ), till the time of the moon landing, and then to the 1970s. How does Love and Relationships change in this climate, of modernity ? Is Progress, difficult to understand, or is it different from stability of a relationship ? In these stories we find that instead of the option less stability of earlier relationships, the latter day individuals tend to open up about their emotions, and perhaps more genuine and concerned about them. Marriages last, just as long as it makes sense for them to last. Couples break up and find new partners as their children enter their teenage years. This is in contrast to the times of their parents, or grand parents, when life was living through the rote of daily toil - hard life in farms, more often than not.

In "Lichen", the relationship between David and his ex-wife stellar is so deep, that he confides in her about his subsequent advances on other women, and seeks advice too.




In "Monsieur les Deux Chapeaux", Ross, Colin's rather unpredictable brother finds some solace through his brother's wife, in a wholly  platonic relationship. Colin found out rather early in life that minding his brother, is a life long unmentioned responsibility of his, and is glad in an undeclared way, that Glenna, his wife understands this.

"Miles City, Montana" is rather a disturbing story. An incident of a drowning of a small boy when our protagonist was a young girl, has etched such an image in her mind, that it haunts her throughout life - and rises just adequately  in caution, when her own child faces a similar danger.

"'What I can't get over' said Andrew, 'is how you got the signal. It's got to be some kind of extra sense that mothers have."

Partly I wanted to believe that, to bask in my extra sense. Partly I wanted to warn him - to warn everybody - never count on it."

A wife discovers when running an errand that her neighbours had committed suicide overnight. But the news hits the town, after she goes to Police, before her own household hears of it - a tactful omission on her part, as her husband later discovers to spare the gory details. ("Fits")

Love is a strange thing, if am to state the well trodden upon, obvious. Two cousins, roughly of same age, had come to town attend business school, from the country - which was about ten miles away. In "The Moon in the Orange Street Skating Rink", it tells us how one of the cousin's decides to abruptly end his plans at better prospects and, settle on a girl with some peculiarities in her physique - for life, as the story proves, after a casual affair that both the boys have with her.

In "Jesse and Meribeth", we come across a pair of adolescent girls, who has nothing to hide from each other, having their first exposure in sensuality.  Jesse's exposure comes under abuse of a minor, and the offender and offence ( although Jesse found him offensive for painting her solely of the guilt, instead of  it being an advance from him, which she would've welcomed ) reminds me of "My Dark Vanessa", albeit separated by 50 years, possibly.

Mary Jo - who had left the rough country life to become a nurse - has an affair with his employer, doctor, who takes care of all her needs. In a crowded plane to a holiday destination, she finds that all around her people are in various types of relationships - an "Eskimo girl, who hints that she needs protection from her man, young parents learning their responsibility, Indian parents possibly recent immigrants - and our protagonist mulls her position in life.

"A Queer Streak", is possibly the most complex short story in this collection, and possibly the longest. It suggests the difficult journey that youngsters from rural Canada had to endure towards systematic independence. The battle that females fought, and as a result how subsequent generations could talk of female liberty, from a time when the concepts were non-existent is presented in a captivating way. From another angle, the sacrifice that the elder sister makes, losing an opportunity of a suitable match -  a would be minister of a church -  to take care of her less secure and vulnerable  sisters, gives a blow to the pretensions of religion, when a real need arises.

Mother and daughter relationships won't not always be easy - especially when the daughter is an adolescent. In Circle of Prayer, an accidental death of a fellow school girl is focused upon to explore the complexity of  a relationship that a daughter has, with her mother, who has her own demons to fight.

What happens when a couple knows each so well, inside out that it is void of all sparks ?

"They had found out so much about each other that everything had got cancelled out by something else. That was why the sex between them could seem shamefaced, merely and drearily lustful, like sex between siblings"

The result ? Isabel, the wife, looks for a spark, which she couldn't deny herself, after long years of marriage to a self obsessed man. ( White Dump )


I find that this is the seventh collection of short stories that I've read of Alice Munro, and not one of them was I disappointed in. I hope to follow my practice of completing each year by reading some fantastic stories by that gentle lady from Ontario, Canada, in years to come.

Originally Published - 1986
My Rating *****
Genre - Short Stories


 




Monday, 27 April 2020

Dubliners - James Joyce

Its been years since I read "The Portrait of the the Young man as an Artiste". Then a few false starts were made on Ulysses - and now I've managed to complete the collection of short stories by him, hopefully Ulysses will follow, soon.

All this little stories say much more than the details in few pages  that they narrate. Broadly, they could be thought of to be, in  the same tune of, "The Portrait ..."; highly insightful even while economical in its descriptions, it is not hard to see why this collection is considered a classic, although as stories, they often end, open. In another sense, the protagonists as well as the other characters are all "Dubliners", literally. Young husbands caught in marriages that limit their adventures, drunkard husbands who don't think beyond the evening, boys enjoying a stolen break from school, youths enjoying the recklessness of youth with no spending money on the morrow, shrewd mothers who have to "palm off" the responsibilities of their daughters to a 'convenient' match, married women ignored by their husbands - all these characters made up Dublin and the then contemporary culture, which Joyce presents here to such effect, that these vignettes will haunt you for a few days upon completing them. For, the human element in them can travel across seas and continents, and with necessary alterations be assumed to be applicable to many a crowded town. 

The short stories are heavy with terms (i.e. slang - e.g. stirabout, josser, keep nix, lambabaun, deep goster for example) which are more British, than Irish. While they bring in a naturalness, for those of us outside the culture or tradition, a reference of terms is supplied to enrich the overall experience. About a third of the references are from recent Irish political history, and the explanations therein make the reading experience, complete.

To take a look at the short stories per se, and a quick word on why I found them attractive;

The unnamed narrator in the first vignette, reflects about a priest who had recently passed away, and to whom he owes a lot for the knowledge learned. His own relations take a negative view of their close association, and our narrator considers them crude and ignorant. The sisters ( the title, too ) are a reference to the late priests siblings, whom his mother and he meet at the funeral. Although there isn't a single reference of affection, respect or gratitude towards the priest, it is clear that to our narrator, the late priest is likely to be a life long influence. It is this 'understanding' which come to settle on the reader's mind, via a brilliant narration that makes this vignette, classic material.

"I found it strange that neither I nor the day seemed in a mourning mood and I felt even annoyed at discovering in myself a sensation of freedom as if I had been freed from something by his death. I wondered at this for, as my uncle had said the night before, he had taught me a great deal. He had studied in the Irish college in Rome and he had taught me to pronounce Latin properly. He had told me stories about the catacombs and about Napoleon Bonaparte, and he had explained to me the meaning of the different ceremonies of the Mass and of the different vestments worn by the priest. Sometimes he had amused himself by putting difficult questions to me, asking me what one should do in certain circumstances or whether such and such sins were mortal or venial or only imperfections. His questions showed me how complex and mysterious were certain institutions of the Church which I had always regarded as the simplest acts."
 This text suggests the dilemma that the narrating youth faces. While there's unmistakable awe at the late priests' learning, he cannot deny the sense of relief and freedom; this, while scorning at his own ignorant uncle.

Two boys break the routine of their priest conducted school class room to have a little adventure - An Encounter, as it were. While they enjoy their day of leisure and freedom, what brings the vignette a little spice is the arrival of a strange man, who's intentions are left unclear - "a queer old josser!", as they term him. The manner in which one of the boy's sense the possible danger that the man brings, is what lingers in the reader's mind after she finishes this rather open ended vignette.

"Then I stood up abruptly. Lest I should betray my agitation I delayed a few moments pretending to fix my shoe properly and then, saying that I was obliged to go, I bade him good-day. I went up the slope calmly but my heart was beating quickly with fear that he would seize me by the ankles."
 Araby is  a nice little vignette of  young love; love at a time when he or she has to depend on the benevolence of elders for its secret sustenance. The determination and desperation with which our young lover tries to keep his promise to his girl reminds one of that Donny Osmond song (his version, rather), which to most of us had so much meaning, once.

The vignette, Evelyn gives a reflection on the difficulty, one has to break away from the familiar, however much coarse and unpleasant it is. This is especially so, when the promised change itself comes with an element of the unknown.

Youth - when acceptance is of the utmost importance, even when that comes at a cost which is not affordable to one, and they know it as one lives through it, amidst the laughs, drink and banter ( After the Race )

There's hardly another topic which flames up a chat between two men - especially young men - than one on a woman. This can lead to a dissection of all girls , or all types of girls easily, with one or both parties adopting an air of expertise - and even philosophy. In two gallants, we see such an evening stroll between two young men, with one adopting an air of  an "expert in women". The natural amble that the vignette flows in, makes the chat, one that any man anywhere can relate to, one time or the other.

The Boarding House is a short story which reveals the tact and cunning, as well as the finesse of planning by a certain mother, and to a lesser degree, a daughter, to entrap a suitor for the latter. The suitor in question, realizes he is trapped. The way that the author presents the suitor in question, running the past in his mind and weighing his options, and the resulting hopelessness, makes ingredients for a fantastic short story. The finale in which the daughter almost realizes as a  passing thought what she had been waiting for alone, in her room, signifies the subtle, unspoken plan between  two women - a mother and a daughter. A brilliant short story!

The next short story explores the sentiments of a young married man, a father, as he meets a friend from his younger days. The friend, who our protagonist reckons was initially in a lesser footing than him, has progressed in life, during his time in the UK.
"...listening to Gallaher's stories and of sharing for a brief space Gallaher's vagrant and triumphant life, upset the equipoise of his sensitive nature. He felt acutely the contrast between his own life and his friend's and it seemed to him unjust. Gallaher was his inferior in birth and education. He was sure that he could do something better than his friend had ever done, or could ever do, something higher than mere tawdry journalism if he only got the chance. What was it that stood in his way? His unfortunate timidity! He wished to vindicate himself in some way, to assert his manhood."
Our protagonist comes back to earth upon him reaching home, facing his wife and being shoved the responsibilities of his child. Indeed it was a little cloud that has passed over his everyday, if dull, yet serene in a sense.


We come across another instance of a man caught in a marriage, but the circumstances are different. Here we come across Farrington, a man clearly too fond of a drop to drink at all hours, to be counted as healthy. We see him going through the day, cutting corners in his job, being smart mouthed, but to his disadvantage. The short story ends with rather a very depressing way, after a night of booze.  Farrington taking the stick to his son, to rid his guilty conscience, after spending his money gotten by pawning his chain watch. (Counterparts)

A Nanny, Maria visits her former ward and his family, for tea, taking leave from her current employment.  It is clear that Maria is getting on, and forgetful. There is no other family that Maria feels a sense of belonging to. The evening is merry and reminiscent of  days gone by. There is also an implicit understanding that Maria may not visit them much longer. The Hallow Eve games hinted of a bad omen for Maria, which everyone was quick to brush away. A touching vignette, which infers more than it narrates.(Clay)

"One of his ( Duffy's) sentences, written two months after his last interview with Mrs. Sinico, read: Love between man and man is impossible because there must not be sexual intercourse and friendship between man and woman is impossible because there must be sexual intercourse. He kept away from concerts lest he should meet her." (A Painful case)
What is the painful case here ? Is it that Mr. Duffy cannot return Mrs. Sinico's friendship, given plainly that Mrs. Sinico is lonely, due to his preferences, or the fact that Mrs. Sinico has lost her husband's interest. Another thought provoking read.


Ivy Day in the Committee Room, is a short story based on an election campaign. The camp we see our main characters from,  are the Nationalistic lot. It is a story that offers some insight on the Irish political scene then, and a lamentation on Parnell is inevitable. We came across, the moaning of the loss of Parnell, in "The Portrait of the Artiste as a Young Man", with Stephen Dedalus' father being the moaner.

A Mother is one of the short stories I cared for  comparatively little for, in this collection. Having said that, the portrait of this particular mother is not wholly uncommon. Vying for an advantage for her child, even at the cost of losing one's face - that of hers' as well as her child's, is not unheard of in many parts of the world.

One of the stories that show the importance of religion in the everyday life of then Dublin, is Grace. A man, possibly far to gone towards the bottle, is attempted a correcting of his ways, by his wife and a few of his friends - in a conspiring way. While again, there are better stories in the collection, it cannot fail to leave a long standing trace of the beliefs and ways of living of the then Dubliners.

The collection concludes with the amazing short story, The Dead. The longest  tale here, exceeding over 30 pages, it is a stark revelation of love, and where one's love can be, while another works up himself to a giddy passion, day dreaming or reminiscing. Here, Gabriel is in the throes of passion, watching his wife's countenance.

"While he had been full of memories of their secret life together, full of tenderness and joy and desire, she had been comparing him in her mind with another. A shameful consciousness of his own person assailed him He saw himself as a ludicrous figure..."
While reading this collection, I felt as if  the portrait of James Joyce, which I could make out in its shape after reading "The Portrait...", was becoming a little more clearer at the borders. It was as if the surroundings were becoming clearer to make me comprehend the times that this great author walked the earth. Too bad I can give only five stars to this collection.

I am now even more enthusiastic, to give another attempt at Ulysses - a project I've had several false starts on, since 2015 June.

Thursday, 30 January 2020

මිනිහට නින්ද යන්න ඇති - ජයලත් මනෝරත්න

මෑත ඉතිහාසයේ අපේ රටෙන් බිහි වූ අග්‍රගන්‍ය කලාකරුවෙකු වූ ජයලත් මනෝරත්නයන් පසුගිය ජනවාරු දොළොස් වන දින අභාවප්‍රාප්ත විය. වේදිකා නාට්‍ය මගින් මහත් ජනප්‍රසාදයට පත් වූ එතුමන්ගේ නාට්‍ය කිහිපයක් නැරඹීමේ භාග්‍ය මට තිබිණ. තල මල පිපිලා, ගුරු තරුව, ලෝකය තනි යායක් සහ අන්දරේලා මා  නැරඹූ ඔහු නිෂ්පාදනය කල සහ රංගන දායකත්වයක් දැක්වූ නාට්‍යයය. ඔහු රංගනයෙන් පමණක් දායක් වූ වේදිකා නාට්‍ය කිහිපයක් ද මා නරඹා ඇත - තල මල පිපිලා සහ ගුරු තරුව පොත් ද මා සතුව ඇති. ගජමන් පුවත, සුද්දෙක් ඔබ අමතයි, සහතික නොකල මරණයක්, රාස්ස සහ පරාස්ස මතකයට එන කිහිපයකි. ඊට අමතරව ඔහු ලේඛනයෙන් ද කලා ක්ශේත්‍රයට සම්බන්ධ වී තිබිණ. දවස තවම තරුණයි නම් වූ නවකතාව ද, මිනිහට නින්ද යන්න ඇති යන කෙටි කතා සංග්‍රහය ද ඊට අයත් ය. ඔහු ගේ අභාවය වාර්තා වූ දින කියවීම ආරම්භ කල මේ කෙටි කතාව, ඒ විශිෂ්ඨ කලා කරුවාගේ නික්මුණ දිනයේ ඔහු වෙත ලංවීමට දැරූ ප්‍රයත්නයක් ලෙස දැකිය හැක. මුලින් ම 2006 ප්‍රකාශයෙන් එළි දුටු මේ සංග්‍රහයේ මා සතු වන්නේ 2014 නිකුත් වූ දෙවෙනි මුද්‍රණයයි.

කෙටි කතා සතකින් සපිරි මෙම සංග්‍රහය, සාමාන්‍ය ජීවිතයේ හැල හැප්පීම් (අතීතයෙන් දවසක්)  , අප රට සාමාන්‍ය ජනජීවිතය ට පිළිලයක් වූ දේෂපාලනය (මිනිහට නින්ද යන්න ඇති), නගරාශ්‍රිත මුඩුක්කු වලට ආවේණික ජීවන රටාව ( අපේ ආදරේ කතාන්දරේ ), ගුරු ගෝල සබැඳියාව, වියපත් වීම ( අවපස අඩ සඳ), පියෙකු සහ දරුවන් අතර සබැඳියාව ( නාට්‍යකරුවා ගමට එයි), කෙටි මාර්ග මගින් සමාජ කීර්තියක් අත් පත් කරගැනීමට යත්න දැරීමත්, එය අසාර්තක වූ විට එහි ආදිනව ( කතුරාගේ කතාව), විවාපත් ජීවිතය ගෙනෙන නිදහසේ සීමා ( පියරත්නගේ කෙටිකතාව ) ආදි ඉසව් රාශියක් ඔස්සේ රචනා වී ඇත. තැනෙක කතා ආර චෙකොෆ් මතකයට නගයි (නිදසුන් - කතුරාගේ කතාව ). සමස්ත වශයෙන් මෙහි රචනා ශෛලිය සරලය, කතා ගලා යෑම් සුගමය. පිටු අසූවකට සීමා වූ මේ සරල ආකෘති වලින් හෙඹි රචනාවන් දවසක් පමණ කාලයක් තුල කියවා හමාර කල හැක (මා සිතා මතා, දිනකට පෑ බාගයකට හෝ ඊට අඩුවෙන් මේ පොත සඳහා වෙන් කරමින් සෙමින් කියවූ බව සැබවි ).

නැසීගිය ඒ විශ්ෂ්ඨ කලා කරුවා නැවත ඇසුරු කිරීමේ මගක් ලෙසත්, එතරම් ශ්‍රමයක් නො යොදා කියවිය හැකි සරල කෙටි කතා සංග්‍රහයක් ලෙසත් රස විදිය හැක (ප්‍රකාශනය - නිර්මල  - එනම්,
ජූඩ් ශ්‍රීමාල් ගේ YMBA යටමහලේ ඇති පොත් සාප්පුවෙන් මිල දි ගත හැකි විය යුතුය ).

Saturday, 18 January 2020

The Moons of Jupiter - Alice Munro

Alice Munro was introduced to me by a book worm friend, and my first exposure to her was through the audiobook version of "Runaway", her 11th collection from 2011. I loved the book so much, that not only did I make it a point to "escalate her" from the audio book category to my usual reading slots, I made it a point to read one collection of hers' every year since. As such this is the 6th book of hers' I've read, and she will continue to have an annual slot in my reading plans.

However of the 6 collections I've read, this is a relatively mixed bag of short stories - a first, and it was bound to happen. Hitherto all her collections have been excellent ones, and this is the first one in which I found that some of the short stories, a little meandering. Yet, the best stories here can stand alongside the best ones from the other collections I've read so far.

A fair share of the short stories are broadly on the theme mid like crises, especially over relationships. We find women separated from their husbands, the children having started life on their own, looking, and at times desperate for company (i.e. Dulse, Bardon Bus , Prue, Labor Day dinner) in their middle ages. The worries of the men leaving them, old attachments causing concern, and dwindling looks, as well as trying to understand Love with all its limitation, are some of the main themes here.


 There is a limit to the amount of misery and disarray you will put up with, for love, just as there is a limit to the amount of mess you can stand around a house. You can’t know the limit beforehand, but you will know when you’ve reached it. I believe this.
(Bardon Bus)
Alice Munro. The Moons of Jupiter (Kindle Locations 2226-2229). Vintage. Kindle Edition.
Flabby armpits—how can you exercise the armpits? What is to be done? Now the payment is due, and what for? For vanity. Hardly even for that. Just for having those pleasing surfaces once, and letting them speak for you; just for allowing an arrangement of hair and shoulders and breasts to have its effect. You don’t stop in time, don’t know what to do instead; you lay yourself open to humiliation. So thinks Roberta, with self-pity—what she knows to be self-pity—rising and sloshing around in her like bitter bile. ( Labor Day Dinner )
Alice Munro. The Moons of Jupiter (Kindle Locations 2383-2386). Vintage. Kindle Edition.
Connection, is about the Chaddeley family - the cousins who've made it and the one who married, settled and had children. There is reference to in a meandering way of their connection in England, from where their common ancestor has come from. The second short story , a kind of a sequel to the first, titled. The stone in the field is more centered on the Flemings - they being our narrator's fathers' side. The main theme that both these stories highlight, just like it had done repeatedly in her other stories is the life in the out lands of Canada. For example the details of the life styles of the Flemmings sisters - where six of them lived together, unmarried, and farm work defined their life day in day out, and conversation was rare.
They always carried the feed to the horses, pail by pail. In the winter, when the horses were in the stalls. So my father took the notion to carry it to them in the wheelbarrow. Naturally it was a lot quicker. But he got beat. For laziness. That was the way they were, you know. Any change of any kind was a bad thing. Efficiency was just laziness, to them. That’s the peasant thinking for you.”
Alice Munro. The Moons of Jupiter (Kindle Location 609-612). Vintage. Kindle Edition.

The best short story in this collection is possibly, Accident, which touches on the hypocrisy of hard headed ideology, a tragic circumstance that of a child and adultery. One of the themes that Munro touches repeatedly is the control of the various churches in daily life. Munro doesn't stop on exposing the unfair hand of religion, but goes on to show how the ideologist will not hesitate to use others for his ideology's sake, in essence being a hypocrite.

Hard-Luck stories is built over a chance encounter with two friends with a man whom they meet at a conference. One of the women complain about the lack of luck she's had in love, despite being married. Her complain is that all her "Adventures" had ended up in rather a spoiled state. Julie, goes on to analyze love, and attachments.

 There’s the intelligent sort of love that makes an intelligent choice. That’s the kind you’re supposed to get married on. Then there’s the kind that’s anything but intelligent, that’s like a possession. And that’s the one, that’s the one, everybody really values. That’s the one nobody wants to have missed out on.
Alice Munro. The Moons of Jupiter (Kindle Locations 3364-3366). Vintage. Kindle Edition.
As previously stated, I found that this particular short story collection a little laboured, and it took me a longer time to read this. At times, the details made the experience unstimulating. This book, published in 1982, possibly may have found Munro herself in her middle age ( and possibly those whom she associate), and as such the themes as well as the deep analysis in most short stories of that particular stage in one's life. Despite the relative slow monotony of the book, its negatives aren't strong enough to discourage me from returning to her next work in sequence, when it comes to "Munro time" in 2020.

Monday, 23 September 2019

The Refugees - Viet Thanh Nguyen


Viet Thanh Nguyen gained world wide attention, when his debut novel of 2015, The Sympathizer, won the Pulitzer award for Fiction. Then, when a fellow reader recommended me of his subsequent short story collection, it was a matter of finding a fitting time to read it, given the juggling of multiple reads as is my wont, with hardly any making progress. But once I started reading it, it managed to capture my attention over and above an analysis of historical politics that am reading and even more than Atwood's Handmaid's Tale.



The eight stories here all capture the ghosts of a country that they have either fled from, or of a people who have rebuild their lives, under   a communist Vietnam. But both the peoples have ghosts of a  previous time haunting them. In the first short story, there is a literally a ghost, and the scars guilt of the survivor , with their experiences while fleeing, with the horror detailed ("Black Eyed Woman"). It brought back the memories of the  terrors enclosed in his masterpiece of a novel.

"The Other Man", takes another angle of those sponsored by a Rich American, with the words gay sugar daddy coming to mind. The  beneficiary's gratefulness is a weight for him to carry, burdened with  guilt.

"War Years" shows us that some of those who came over to the US, never stopped fighting the war against the Communists, and couldn't come to terms with their losses - instead living on day after day, in a self-made equation that makes their survival, tolerable and hopeful. The closing scene of how an usually close fisted  mother allowing  her son to buy anything he wants from a 7-Eleven store,  shows the reader her then thoughts of cherishing those near  her, while she can ( comparing with  Mrs. Hoa of what she has endure day in day out). Its a  masterful scene, bringing with it weight that pages couldn't add.


The author brings in an element of humour along with a glimpse of the kind of business opportunities that are available- dealing in counterfeit goods -to segments of certain immigrant communities. Here the main character is an American Mexican in Orange Country, CA, addicted to gambling and wasting his time away, and who's had a liver transplant from a Vietnamese. In his attempt to find the donor of the organ, this short story titled "The Transplant" shows a cross section of two immigrant communities who have found ways of living, dealing and mingling with each other, in this multi-cultural metropolis.

"I'd love you to want me", is possibly one of the best love stories I've ever read. It captures  A love of such depth, portraying selflessness as an essential ingredient while taking care of  her Alzheimer's affected husband.

In "The Americans", our author shows that the mentality of superiority  an American, a veteran, is now outdated, and even his own child will not condone  that thinking. The story happens in Vietnam. There is also a reference to Sri Lanka in this story, although not for good reasons. It says that the robotic mechanism used for de- mining was already in use, in SL.

Children could carry baggage, in terms of parental behaviour, far into their adulthood.  In "Someone else beside you", a father who that dictated over the lives of his children, returns as in a bad dream,  to his now grown son.  It brings  unexpected yet  rewarding results for his son, now a grown man with a broken marriage.

The story of Vivien, who likes his father's second wife's family to believe that she's been living the American dream, since she went there as a refugee with the mother. The truth is not so pretty, as she later divulges. "Fatherland" is a short story that most of the Asian countries can relate to, when it comes to putting up appearances with so called "success stories" in their new homes.


There is not a single weak story here. Yet there is a common strand a high level theme - where the members were victim of communism, when North Vietnamese armies gained control over the South. Most of the characters are those who fled in life threatening circumstances to the U.S. There are a few characters, who stayed back,  being focused on too.  The author can relate to these stories, as he states in the acknowledgements section, thus:
Thanks to my father and mother, Joseph and Linda. Refugees in 1954 and again in 1975, they are the most courageous people I know. They saved my life.
Thanks to my older brother, Tung, the original refugee success story. Seven years after arriving in the United States, he went to Harvard. He sets a high standard.
Thanks to Lan Duong, my fellow refugee, writer, and partner. A reader of my every word, she has shared both the suffering and the joy.
Thanks to our son, Ellison, for reminding me of childhood. By the time this book is published, he will be nearly the age that I was when I became a refugee.

This is easily one of the best books I've read this year.

Rating - *****
Genre - Short stories

Thursday, 21 February 2019

Men Without Women - Ernest Hemingway


This is Hemingway's second short story collection, published in 1927. It comprises of fourteen short stories, of various length and quality. Yet, overall it has the signature Hemingway style, a uniqueness irrespective of whether it is a novel or a short story that we read.




"The Undefeated" is a story of a Bull Fighter just released from hospital, who is not willing to hang his boots, irrespective of no one willing to give him a second chance. Hemingway describes in detail the various stages of  a Bull fight, and depending on the reader one may find  the reading effort a little tiring. Manuel, the bull fighter injures himself again. A touching story.

We come across  Nick Adams ( whom we met in Hemingway's first short story collection "In our time"), this time recuperating in Italy after the war. Despite its short length it presents a deep insight about how the soldiers look at  War, as well as how the locals look at a foreign Army. ( "In another Country")

In, "Hills like Elephants", we come across a very natural but agitated dialogue between a young man and a young girl, with the girl being quite upset and disconcerted about a certain "operation", that she is to have. For me, this was one of the highlights of this collection, if not one of Hemingway's best.

Next we come across the second Nick Adams story ( he is thought to be a fictional character inspired by the author's own experiences), "The Killers". A couple of  hit men come looking for a Boxer with the aim of killing him, and they  find Nick with his friend. The edgy not so friendly conversation between the hit men, and young men, as well as the boxer's own reaction when being told on the threat on his life, is what is attractive of the story.

"Che Ti Dice La Patria?", is a vignette of journey, with one man, a stranger to the passengers inside the car,  travels on the side board as well as how a policeman looks for an avenue to earn some money.

"Fifty Grand" is another of the highlight of this collection. A boxer, a family man, pulls "a fast one" on a betting scheme in a boxing match. It is a cross section of the character of the boxer; his thought process, his economy etc. as well as the realisation, that not only him ( who is painted to be close fisted man ), but most worry about the bottom line. 

If someone wanted me to describe using one example, what a typical Hemingway short story is like, I'd show "A simple query". Military, where man is deprived of  many pleasures, is a place where many a man looks for alternatives. Even if we leave space for the protagonists' orientation, a layer of humanity is present in him which makes him think twice - although the poor lad may not be as lucky the next day.

We return to a Nick Adams story in "ten Indians". Nick is carrying on with a girl of Native American mix (i.e. Indian), and this story is about his father breaks some bad news to him. The subtly with which the father comes to break the news to his son, was the most attractive thing to me about this story.

"A Canary for One", has its own story based on the American woman's girl - her love being denied her - but the twist is in the last line. The American woman speaks of the suitability of an American girl marrying an American woman, but the last sentence which concerns the American couple is a prize winner;
"We were returning to Paris to set up separate residences."

Another Nick Adams story "An Alpine idyll" is more about the experiences of those reside in the remotest area of the Alps. Back then even a burial had to be postponed until the weather permitted it!

"A Pursuit Race" is, as typical with most Hemingway short stories, infers a lot than what  the text states. Campbell clearly is battling a habit, and is losing, but his manager seems to understand the other man's mindset.

"Today is Friday", is a play style vignette, with the crucifying of Jesus Christ as its base. Sparse, but the essential questions raised during the drinking session between the Roman soldiers, picture a skepticism as well as a concealed credulity in him. Inference to Maria Magdelena makes the creation, that much more interesting.

Banal story is the thoughts that a reader ( Hemingway ?) finds awakening in his mind, as he reads a paper. In once sense it is an experiment, while on another it could be looked upon as a cross section of the time the story was written in. 

The last story of this collection is also a Nick Adams story. Again a war time story, it gives the impression of his fear of falling asleep. He reminisce about days gone by and his time with his parents, as he tries to postpone sleep. It is clear that Nick is recuperating.

Read on the immediacy of completing his first collection, "In our Time",  it is immensely enjoyable and largely of the same style as that. Yet, it is clear that Hemingway was attempting certain experiment and style variations. Overall the signature Hemingway style is attractive and appealing to the reader, to make him interested in the book, despite on occasions the minimalist style hardly gives anything away to to the reader.





Saturday, 5 January 2019

The Beggar Maid : Stories of Flo and Rose - Alice Munro


Reading one short collection by Alice Munro per year, over the last two or three years has become akin to an annual date with the gracious lady from Ontario. Back in 2014, I read "Runaway" ( or rather listened ) on being introduced to her by a fellow reader, and since then I've been reading one Munro book per year - "Dance of the Happy Shades" ( December, 2015), "Lives of girls and women" ( December, 2016) and "Something I've been meaning to tell you"  ( December, 2017) - and the last three were read in the sequence of their publication. As such 2018 was the year of the book in caption, my fifth Munro read. This book can possibly be grouped under the categories of  both short stories and also a novel. All ten stories in this collection are centered around Rose, and her step mother, Flo. Rose's family is a poverty stricken one from Ontario, and she, as best as she could tries to breakaway from the bleakness that West Hanratty, Ontario burdens her with.  She succeeds with many self-inflicted failures upon herself, and one can't get away from the notion that the ghosts of her roots are someway or the other to be blamed.

Rose wins a scholarship to the local University, where a rich man who is also an intellectual falls in love with her. They marry, they have a child together, they separate and go their own ways. Their daughter grows up, Rose's search for love and security makes her adventurous, restless and desperate. Rose tries many jobs. Flo grows old and becomes forgetful and difficult to live with. She is taken to a home for the aged, as she literally wastes away alone in her old house - which by that time has become an eye sore, in a neighbourhood which has changed over the years. No, these summaries don't serve as spoilers, for it is the close views for each of these episodes complimented by the visceral moods that enrich these stories - and these moods and views can only be grasped by reading the book.

It is a moot point as to how these stories, despite their continuous main characters don't somehow make the reader feel as if she is reading a novel. It could well be that the reader is so used to associating short stories with  Munro, that she finds appropriating these stories to a novel,  an exercise that she fights an inner revolt against. But there is also the feel that we have periodic close focus followed by a long absence, and then a close focus again on another period. And by its closure we don't know the fate of most of these characters - and hence we see "pieces of lives" of the main characters, without they quite composing a whole - not even where the main characters of Flo and Rose are concerned.

In conclusion, it is always a pleasure to return to Munro at the end of the year, akin to looking forward for a vacation at the end of a tiring year. Occasionally this pleasure falls during a family trip, and it is bliss.

Looking forward to my next blissful episode of  Alice Munro in her own world in Ontario.

Saturday, 29 December 2018

In our Time - Ernest Hemingway


( One of the books I started reading this year was "The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway", which I haven't been able to finish. It includes all his published short story collection, plus those which appeared in magazines, journals, compilations etc. After six short stories which have been taken from compilations, the full set of "In our Time" starts off the collection, from story seven onward. This review focuses on short story seven through story 21 - fifteen in all. )

Across these vignettes we see Nick Adams, possibly Hemingway's alter ego as he goes through life from a boy to adolescence and then to the Army as a Youth. It cannot be looked upon as a novel as we see close ups of separate incidents, usually unconnected with the previous ones.

Indian Camp: Most of what we see here could be identified as vignettes. For one thing most of the short stories have episodes on the life of Nick Adams. In this particular one, it is a vignette of an experience of Nick when he still a young boy, accompanying his father  to an Indian camp, to carry out a Cesarean operation under the most basic of conditions. Possibly the condition and the fate of the  infant's father  portrays the limitation of persistence rather than his sensitivity.

The Doctor and Doctor's Wife: The Doctor is Nick's dad. The story is based on the same setting as the former, but in a context where an Indian half cast and the Doctor don't see eye to eye. The argument between the two serve as the central incident of the vignette, although his wife's reaction and attitude gives the story its title.

The End of Something: Ten years has passed and the town that Nick lived in issn't a lumbering  town no more.This vignette centers on the break up of Nick and his girl friend. The attraction is in the natural setting and the unattached signature style of Hemingway.

The Three-Day Blow: A Vignette in which Nick has a drink with his pal Bill, on the aftermath of his break-up with Marge. They discuss many things - Football teams, their respective dads and of course Marge. Bill compliments Nick for breaking up without getting married, although Nick has doubts about his actions. The story is written in such a manner where the prevailing weather, the surrounding solitude and the two boys proving to each other about their maturity compose a mental picture in the reader's mind, with a crackling fire to the bargain.

The Battler: In the next story we find Nick kicked off a train, stumbling upon a former fighter by the name of Adolph Francis, sitting at a fire in the woods. The story then takes an interesting twist with a 'negro' by the name of Bugs joining in, and the conversation between the three. The fighter's clearly insane and Nick needs to Bugs' help to leave the camp.

A Very Short Story: As the name implies, the tale is presented in a summarised form. We are not told who is recuperating in Padua. But the reader is wont to believe that it is Nick, after a bout in the army during the first world war, since the girl sends a letter to Chicago upon him leaving for the States.

Soldier's Home: The soldier in question is one  Harold and this is the first story which doesn't involve Nick. The story involves Harold's attempt to get acclimatized in his hometown of Kansas, after the war, and the difficulties he has - with the local crowd, and his own family. Post-war trauma as well as the difficulties in hitching up with girls, with the local scene changing during his time away.

The Revolutionist: A very short vignette, where a one page account of a Magyan comrade is revealed. I cannot but help feeling that one of the driving needs at the time would've been for Hemingway to include his experiences in world war I,  the various incidents which stuck in his mind, and put them down in writing. Vignettes are possibly the best way to include them in a fictional form.

Mr. and Mrs. Elliot: The story of Hubert Elliot, a poet and  a post-graduate student in law at Harvard, and how he came to be married. Hubert has held very puritanical views about marriage, and was surprised himself on how he came to be married. The story is one which overall reflects the unhappiness of that marriage.

Cat in the Rain: A short story which by itself looks a little aimless, but presents the whims of a young girl and a wife at that.
"'Anyway, I want a cat,' she said, 'I want a cat. I want a cat now. If I can’t have long hair or any
fun, I can have a cat.'
The restlessness of the girl, how she keeps badgering on her husband, and how the whole world is at her service are some of the points being subtly hinted here.

Out of Season: A tale of where a tourist couple is saddled with a drunken guide, with the husband trying to help out the guide out of sympathy than any other reason, managing the wife who is not pleased with  how things stand. As such it is a vignette and could've easily fitted to a longer narration with ease.

Cross-Country Snow: We  come across Nick again, as he goes skiing with two of his friends  Mike and George, in Germany.  Nick;s wife or girl Helen is expecting their child, yet the boyish attitudes reveal that he would rather hang out with his friends rather than hold bigger responsibilities.

My Old Man: A tale written in Hemingway's nonchalant abstract way, yet one which reads a son's admiration of his dad - for the way he lived his life, the ups and the downs as a Jockey, until the last time when he went down.

Big Two-Hearted River (parts  I and II) - This is a short story in two parts in which we have only the protagonist, Nick Adams, alone in a war scorched field. With his camping equipment, he walks miles along a river until he reaches an unaffected area. Yet he fishes using the grass hoppers, who had turned black due to the scorched lands - in essence signifying how the after-effects of war are used for the current era, I felt. The story goes to minute details about how Nick fishes for trout.

All in all, most of the stories use the Iceberg theory that Hemingway was known for - where he goes to minute detail about "a tree", allowing the reader to form out the "woods" of her own. Besides the deployment of that theory, the use of the character Nick Adams is to present his alter-ego as already mentioned. First published in 1925, it may have caused quite a stir upon a first reading, although critics have embraced his style.

It was Hemingway's first official short story collection, and it was a very good place to start - and the coming years will probably see me reading the rest of his work.



Sunday, 1 April 2018

Men Without Women - Haruki Murakami


  "take me back in time
maybe I can forget
turn a different corner
and we never would've met
Would you care ?
Oh, I don't understand it for you it's a breeze
Little by little, you've brought me to my knees
Don't you care?"
( "A Different Corner" - George Michael )


I took to reading this book, as a side reading project, since a non-fiction I was reading in parallel didn't offer aesthetic respite, however much good a book it was. Once begun, it took very little time to realise that it was going to be a book that will be savoured, and possibly a hard copy sought for ( the only hard copy I found so far was a hard cover one, which I didn't care for). These are stories to be read, savoured for the nuances, reflected and cherished. The only Murakami book I've read prior was "Kafka on the shore", and while that was an enjoyable read, this I have to admit I enjoyed much more.  I will dwell instead on how this books works as a whole.

While "Men without Women" is the title of the last short story, it serves as the main theme for the whole collection quite aptly. There is loss here - loss of women - loss of women to other men, or deceived by women. Or death has taken them away; or at minimum, a woman gives meaning to a man in solitude and he looks forward to her periodic visits ( Scheherazade ) It is about the vacuum a woman, usually special to that man. The beauty in these stories are, that most of these men aren't even tied to a single woman. Yet, they miss that one woman more than others. And it isn't necessarily that the women are breathtakingly beautiful - for they are not in certain instances. At another level these stories can be read as taking back the reader to his or her private experiences and drawn parallels therein. Hence these are at a level, stories that could be looked upon as accounts of intimacy.
  I will quote a part from the last short story to nurture my reading of the book as that of one broad topic - or one mental state broadly, which is a more appropriate way to portray the book, holistically.
“Suddenly one day you become Men Without Women. That day comes to you completely out of the blue, without the faintest of warnings or hints beforehand. No premonitions or foreboding, no knocks or clearing of throats. Turn a corner and you know you’re already there. But by then there’s no going back. Once you round that bend, that is the only world you can possibly inhabit. In that world you are called ‘Men Without Women.’"

And last, what has it in common with Hemingway's book of the same title ? Probably, just that. I read a few of the short stories of that collection to see if there are any parallels to be drawn, and I could draw none. ( Hemingway's short stories are being read, as separate reading project )

Sunday, 22 October 2017

The Eternal Husband and other stories - Fyodor Dostoyevsky


( Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky )

This brings together five short works from the Russian Master, including the short novel "The Eternal Husband" in to one volume
. Running to a total of 343 pages for the stories itself (excluding the notes ), these five are more appropriate to be identified as novellas than short stories. While the five scope on different areas of The Human Condition as it were, but then  all his books are about the internal conflict of man. Upon completing his major works - The Brothers Karamazov, Demons, Crime and Punishment and The Idiot, I opted to read his shorter works before venturing into Notes from Underground. And yet again, I am convinced that Dostoevsky is possibly the single author, with whose work I wouldn't mind  being marooned in an Island, as his work can be read and reread with more insight. 

The five works that are included here are:
1- A Nasty Anecdote: The only early work here, is on the subject of reconciliation at a time of reform in Russia. A wealthy official visits his poor subordinate's wedding, which in itself was an arrangement of convenience. For all the pretense of putting on a facade of good will and fellowship, the official is hellbent on trying to prove that he is superior, and out of his superior nature that he "favours" the subordinate by his visit. But things go terribly wrong for the official, as he disgraces himself in an unfamiliar setting. But the crux of the matter is, it is the subordinate who pays the higher price - from the loss of his marital bed to his subsequent loss of position.

The story has one of the best quotes I have seen in sometime:
"He was also honest, that is, he had never happened to do anything particularly dishonest"

2- The Eternal Husband, is the longest story here, and is the tale of a man for whom a life without a wife, that is while being cuckolded, is unbearable. He attaches himself, repeatedly to a girl or woman whom he cannot retain, but who he can win with the influence of his wealth. It is a tale of a buffoon, who the reader cannot sympathise with for all the wrong that befalls him. Dostoevsky presents the poor tale of the repeatedly victimised husband, in a subtle style. Velchaninov, "the other man" who is the main character here defines "the eternal husband", thus:
"Such a man is born and develops solely in order to get married, and having married, to turn immediately into an appendage of his wife, even if it so happens that he happens to have his own indisputable character. The main feature of such a husband is—a well-known adornment. It is as impossible for him not to wear horns as it is for the sun not to shine; but he not only never knows it, but even can never find it out by the very laws of nature."  
A work which is a study of the complex nature of man, sensuality, sensuality and  victimization. Yet the story is written in such a manner that the author doesn't judge, nor does the style encourage to pass any judgement on any of the characters. 

3. Bobok - Possibly the closest reason for me read this book as early as this, is this novel. There is a  reference to this story in Zizek's "How to Read Lacan", and I was eager to read Bobok from that day. The single most important position that Zizek refers to here is thus:
"It's impossible to live on earth and not lie, for life and lie are synonymous; but here, just for the fun of it, we won't lie. Devil take it, the grave does mean something after all! We'll all tell our stories aloud and not be ashamed of anything now. "

Some of the conversations between the dead in this novella are pure gold, and speaks so much of the true nature of us.
"Avdotya Ignatievna, remember how you corrupted me fifteen years ago, when I was just a fourteen-year-old page? ..." 
"Ah, it's you, you blackguard! Well, at least God sent you, otherwise here it's...”
"You shouldn't have suspected your negotiant neighbor of smelling bad ... I just kept quiet and laughed. It's from me; they even buried me in a nailed coffin." 
"Ah, nasty man! Only I'm glad even so; you wouldn't believe, Klinevich, you wouldn't believe what a dearth of life and wit there is here." 
"Yes, yes, but I intend to start something original here."

4- The Meek One: How much pressure can the Love  weight you down with ? Especially if the one who loves you has saved you  from certain misery and destitute.  How can one accept to live under the care and love of a person, who is ready shower your feet with his kisses of love, but  to whom you can't return your love however much you try ? 


"She was weeping. 
'And I thought you'd just let me stay like that,' suddenly escaped her involuntarily, so involuntarily that she perhaps didn't notice at all how she had said it, and yet—oh, this was her most important, her most fatal phrase, the clearest for me that evening, and it was as if my heart was slashed by this phrase as by a knife! It explained everything to me, everything, but as long as she was near, before my eyes, I hoped irresistibly and was terribly happy. Oh, I made her terribly weary that evening, and I understood that, but I was constantly thinking I was going to remake it all right then" 

Is death a better choice than being under the compassion and love of a person, for whom you have no feelings - yet, you can't leave because the wolf of destitute was at the door when you were saved ? One of the most moving love stories that I've read ( but I haven't read much ). I am told that this influenced the recent movie "ඔබ නැතුව ඔබ එන්න" by Prasanna Vithanage, and I look forward to watching it in the coming days.

 5- The Dream of a Ridiculous Man, is one of the those tales with very deep and profound philosophical questionings, even by Dostoyevsky's usual high standard.  What is purity ? What is Sin? Can the "once-sinned" ever go back, or even crave for virginal purity  ? 


"They learned to lie and began to love the lie and knew the beauty of the lie. Oh, maybe it started
innocently,with a joke, with coquetry, with amorous play, maybe, indeed, with an atom, but this atom of lie penetrated their hearts, and they liked it. Then sensuality was quickly born, sensuality generated jealousy, and jealousy - cruelty. . . Oh, I don’t know, I don’t remember, but soon, very soon, the first blood was shed; they were astonished and horrified, and began to part, to separate. Alliances appeared, but against each other now. Rebukes, reproaches began. They knew shame, and shame
was made into a virtue"

The philosophical content is all encompassing that I think I caught it capturing Buddhism as well:
"Religions appeared with a cult of nonbeing and self-destruction for the sake of eternal peace in nothingness."

The story concludes, with a question that will leave the reader to spend several moments to ponder over the so called achievements of the modern era.

“The consciousness of life is higher than life, the knowledge of the laws of happiness is higher than happiness” - that is what must be fought! And I will. If only everyone wants it, everything can be set up at once"

There are authors who instill a sense of wonder at the use of their language ( Julian Barnes ); there are those who use their imagination to say more than the pure sum of words ( Salman Rushdie ); there are those use the brevity and dryness of their style to make the reader go on a solitary journey upon the roads shown "only-just" by them ( Hemingway, Cormac McCarthy, Coetzee), and there are those who represent a period of their county's contemporary culture ( Fitzgerald, Saul Bellow, Salinger ) - yet for me there is no author as him who has explored the human nature to the deep level the Dostoevsky did.  His characters were riddled with the primary questions of the human condition - jealousy, depravity, fear, insecurity, the feeling towards death. Let me just say again, if am ever to be marooned in an island with just half a dozen books - let them be volumes by Dostoevsky. At least I'll die a wiser man.
 
   

Saturday, 4 March 2017

Interpreter of Maladies - Jhumpa Lahiri






Interpreter of Maladies is the first book by Jhumpa Lahiri, that I’ve read of her’s  and as I later discovered, her first book. Despite the repeat nudges by like minded readers that I should read Lahiri ASAP, I somehow kept postponing reading her, like I have been doing with Nadine Gordimer. Nowadays, I make it a point to read at least one Alice Munro book per year. I am tempted to give the same "annual read" status to Ms. Lahiri too. But am digressing; to get to the meat of the book...






This is a nine story, collection of short stories and a perfect one at that. It had won the Pulitzer award in 1999, and it deserves  whatever recognition which had come its way. Lahiri, whose roots are from West Bengal, has traces of it in all her nine stories. In fact, it can safely be guessed that most of the accounts found here, have some roots in the experiences of her family.




The short story, "The Third and Final Continent", has supposedly taken shape with  her father, as a basis. The dilemmas, the doubts, that a new arrival to a new land ( here, from Bengal, India, to London, and then to the U.S.) faces are captured in all its pristine. While the emotions are never spelled out, her style carries the reader along the mood of the narration. When a twist occurs, she (i.e. the reader ) almost feels that she was party to this experience. Here, the rawness that the immigrant feels is complimented, when the wife, an even  bigger alien to the setting joins the just settling husband. The wife, is usually a stranger to the husband as their cultural background usually insists, "Breaking of  the ice",  is usually over a chance, and at first glance trivial ( not so, from that point onwards undoubtedly ) but a double layer - that of the uneasiness of the husband, and  the strange cultural setting. The reader, in spite of herself is almost glad, that things work out, for the prospect of the union to succeed was starting to look bleak, just half a page ago. For, it doesn't work out all the time (e.g. "Mrs. Sen's" ). In Mrs. Sen’s there is a subtle portraying of how a typical American single mother, treats her daughter, and it is from the point of view of the daughter which makes the tale that much more convincing.




It is not only recent immigrants that the tales are about. There are at least two stories of the second generation of the immigrants, at home in their setting, bursting with confidence and success. Here too, the conservative nature of one party - a trait that can usually be attributed  to their cultural upbringing - and the relative outgoing nature of the other, requires one party conceding to the other and accepting the other for who he or she is. "This Blessed House", is a wonderful narrative on this line. Yet, there are times when things don't work out, despite the fact that in the outside world everything is going right for them. The story "A Temporary Matter", easily the most touching story in this collection, is proof of how a person whom you love so much, could be hurt out of spite, simply because the other person has hurt you too.
"... and he promised himself that day that he would never tell Shoba, because he still loved her then, and it was the one thing in her life that she had wanted to be a secret.


...


They wept together, for the things they now knew."






Politics in India is one thing that Jhumpa appears to have a lesser interest in. It features in the short story "When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine", but the politics serve only as a background. It is the personal feelings that are always in focus, in these short stories, and it is that which makes the reader love this book, short story after short story.


"Though I had not seen him for months, it was only then that I felt Mr. Pirzada's absence. It was only then, raising my water glass in his name, that I knew what it meant to miss someone who was so many miles and hours away, just as he had missed his wife and daughters for so many months."






The short story titled "Interpreter of Maladies" is a tale that of an Indian in India, and a family with Indian roots holidaying in India. While the root of Mrs. Das' pain could be attributed to an inability that her husband had of understanding her feelings, Mr. Kapasi  “the interpreter” had his bubble burst as all his day dreams come to an insulting end. Jhumpa has successfully presented the concealed lack of respect someone could have for the other, while he or she leads the other person up for his or her, temporary usefulness. This is possibly a trait common in tourists, as the locals go out of their way to win their hearts.


"She turned to him and glared, mustard oil thick on her frosty pink lips. She opened her mouth to say something, but as she glared at Mr. Kapasi some certain knowledge seemed to pass before her eyes, and she stopped. It crushed him; he knew at that moment that he was not even important enough to be properly insulted."






“Sexy” is possibly the most different story here, as an American girl becomes a mistress of an Indian man, as he manages his fling, while being careful to safeguard his marriage. Here the girl, Miranda,  sees light in the unintended definition of "sexy" - "It means loving someone you don't know" ; without intending the "unknown" that the child talks about is possibly what attracts Miranda to Das, and vice versa.






The rest of the stories are based in India proper, usually portraying the pitiable state of some downtrodden individuals. Both Boori Ma ( i.e. "A Real Durwan ) and  ( i.e. "The Treatment o Bibi Haldar ), are individuals, with no close relations, or with relations  for whom they are burdens. In one way, it could be said that it shows the cruelness of the human heart; yet in another way, one fears to think of the fate that would meet these kind of helpless individuals in a western country. It is said that this book was not as warmly received in India, as it was the USA. But then neither was White Tiger. It is only these two short stories which show the real India, on how the lower income and lower classes get by. And if the circumstances are against you in such a climate, if you are without next of kin, it is indeed a sad plight. Having said that both Boori Ma and Bibi were not without friends, genuine friends who didn't mind spending time with them, in contrast to availing a few materialistic needs, in a climate of pure isolation.




This book is easily a masterpiece, an obvious one that doesn't need to be argued upon to prove why it is one. It is an easy read, and there is not an instance that the reader feels, that the author had to labour to write this down ( although am sure she had to put in a lot of effort to write something with so much finesse ), and all her narrations are totally convincing. Am not competent enough to point out as to what makes a work of art “convincing” or otherwise – but it is easily detectable to the reader. I brought up this subject since am reading another collection of Sinhala short stories, and there the author when taken out from his strengths ( where he does excel no doubt ), doesn’t quite convince me as a reader.







Wednesday, 11 January 2017

Lives of Girls and Women – Alice Munro



      First Published in 1971, this work has the, “at-once” distinguishing identification, of being labeled  a novel on its cover. The main character (Del ) whom we travel this narration with, from  a girl of ten or eleven years  –to an adolescent,  to her womanhood, is the pair of eyes we look at Jubilee with ( As most of Munro’s  work, it is based in Jubilee.)   Although labeled a novel, it is rather a collection of short stories – some not concerning Del or her family or relatives; other  concerning backward fox farmers; yet some concerning her immediate family, like her mother and her ambitions ; also focused is her adolescence ; her first experience with love ; her bout of academic ambitions, its fall and her discovery of sex. In these seven stories, which appear simple narrations on surface, show us,  the reader, the difficulty of getting away from an environment which inhibits you with its ways; how even after a generation, the fate that befell the mother could possibly come back to haunt the  daughter, even twenty years after, when the same factors, the same environment,  haunts to bring one down, not with standing how determined one is. Success is relative when viewed from the  eyes of the town, with the more ambitious being looked down upon. This is what ambition looks like for the average Jubilee resident:

"ambition was what they were alarmed by, for to be ambitious was to court failure and to risk making a fool of oneself. The worst thing, I gathered, the the worse thing that could happen in this life was to have people laughing at you."

 The timid  have a concealed grudge against the ambitious. The lives of the backward too is displayed in all its simplicity for better and worse. It is also a fascinating thing how the various Christian churches look at each other in a climate, where it is the main differentiating factor in a neighbourhood of people comprising of the same upbringing, same education levels ( broadly ) and same values and beliefs.

By the completion of this “novel”, or the various collection of tales as told by Del, the only single string which travel right through the novel, is the picture of Jubilee subtly  created inside the author’s mind. Only someone as devoted to ambition, with the family backing him like Jerry Storey's did, could
break away from the invisible chains that the town hold you with. The fact that Bobby Sheriff actually went to University but couldn’t still successfully complete it due to medical reasons, stresses the bleak picture of the  overall narration, which hints on how Jubilee bogs people down. The fact that Del’s bout of Love, does nothing but destroy her chances of higher of education, with some detail on what transpires on the eve of her exams, all suggest the general silent distress of the place.


Munro, has written a collection of related tales, to form a whole that says a lot about a rather small backward town, with its eccentricities, its accepted ways of life, and what is a rebel in the general view of Jubilee, and what courage and determination, not to mention fortune is needed for one to escape from Jubilee. Yet  the obstacles are almost co-incidental - other than for the fact it is not. There is a way of life, way of belief here, that stagnates the place. And Munro has written a well nuanced narration, which is both  charming, and yet distressing. The skill of the authoress, is that the reader keeps looking forward for the subtle grief that pores out of the whole work, which builds its  whole atmosphere.  Not withstanding the label “novel”, to me it is more inclined towards the “short stories” category.

Thursday, 7 January 2016

Dance of the Happy Shades - Alice Munro


"Memory is the way we keep telling ourselves our stories - and telling other people a somewhat different version of our stories." ( Alice Munro)


This is the second of the short story collections  I've read of the Nobel laureate, and apparently her first ever short story collection published.  Munro first published this collection in 1968.



 These stories are set either in  a bleak environment- either freezing cold, either desolate as a grave yard, or even when it's get crowded never more than  a small town where every one knows everyone. Most of it is  based in Jubilee (wherever that is - I think Jubilee is  featured high in "Runaway" too .  ) The title of the book is a misnomer, since happy shades are very few and far between in this collection.  I am not in anyway inferring it is sad collection of stories, but the subtle descriptions, the episodes either tragic, either inevitable,  and even when it is happy (comparatively - I could identify  three, when I was very label with the label ), the overall mood of melancholy is weighty - it is as if  an unbearable content of overnight dew  is making  the leaves wilt - a phenomenon that leaves are addressed by nature to handle ).   Munro is never afraid to show the vey human ugliness at it's worst. Even when there is reason not have a feeing of despair bound with the stories, they come out as a victory after a struggle , or from a gory set back. Apparently Munro, hails from Huron County where her father raised foxes (and later Turkey ) and to her it was a most interesting of places. Huron county is deeply embedded in her stories that it is even referred to as Munro County. Some of the ingredients of these stories are from the Wingham (where  she grew up ), and the people are not exactly pleased, detecting traces of their lives in it.



(Summary of  the tales with hardly any "spoilers" ) Here we find husbands finding temporary solace in old flames, and the children concurring with their father, for they comprehend what the father has to bear with the mother - we come across  daughters who had fled from ailing mothers trying to save themselves, but unable  to,  despite their efforts   - we find ourselves party to a modern and new set of neighbours  who plot to  drive  out  the last old neighbour with her old fashion ways  and methods ( or rather the lack of it ) - there are girls with cool stares whose love & hate for their grandmothers could wish them dead, and yet congratulate granny for her steel, in death - poverty stricken families, in which the girls are "available" , and they on their part can do nothing more than show sarcasm - the sudden pace with which a tomboy turns to a proper girl ( one of the more pleasant stories here, despite the gory background ) -  the unbearable weight  of an accidental death of a child, on his sibling  - how  the mind of a child reacts to an illness ( and death ) of a friend, albeit an insignificant one - coming to terms with parents with whom an adolescent has hitherto been uncomfortable, an appreciating them (another happy tale - see I've been very generous)  - the slow revelation of the mind of a weird man to his lady tenant, whom he stalks   - how an "almost"  engagement broken unceremoniously becomes news in a small town, and how the injured party reacts to it - how a once respected piano teacher attempts to sustain her societal place despite her change of her fortune, going an extra mile at her own cost - and how an adolescent's first raw experience with drink, serves up to be a cure for her in a small town, despite all the temporary fuss.



Through these stories, the reader becomes a resident of Huron County, with all it's bleakness, the cold, the loneliness, the beauty of grass fields, the barns, the creeks . It is simultaneously beautiful to imagine, but too cold and lonesome to bear (If anyone is contemplating migrating to Canada, they may think twice ).  Most incidents which work as the core, are nothing more than an a mere happening in a provincial town - it is the author's ability to bring herself to become a character around that core happening, narrating it in first person, capturing the nuances, the moods, the weather , the smell of the barns, the darkness in the shaded living rooms, the grind of the gravel as they walk along the creek, the subtle hopelessness, the animosity, the paranoia of these friends, relations etc.  which make this collection so organic.  In all of these stories Munro doesn't fail to highlight the human aspect, mostly through its' failings, in these every day characters.  We can relate to these human failings, the human natures which make this a wholly rewarding read.


If you love subtle, unrushed, organic narrations with the challenges that humans face-people of all walks of life, from little girls to the ailing old presented as if you were party to these characters, don't miss out on this.  I am tempted to break my resolution of keeping to my Reading plan, and starting forsaking  such masters as Camus, Dostoevsky and Eagleton with whom I've already started on a journey, to live another  a week or so in cold, desolate Huron County with Alice Munro.  

(Pictures : Munro's childhood home in the outskirts of Wingham ; Munro walking along the Huron ; Book Cover )